Which labor law outlawed closed shops?

The Taft-Hartley Act is the labor law that outlawed closed shops, which are hiring practices requiring all employees to be union members before they can be hired. This legislation, enacted in 1947, sought to balance the power between labor unions and employers. It introduced several restrictions on union activities and prohibited practices that could be deemed unfair labor practices.

By outlawing closed shops, the Taft-Hartley Act aimed to ensure that union membership could not be a mandatory condition for employment, thus giving workers the right to choose whether or not to join a union. This shift was significant because it allowed individuals who might not support or agree with union activities the opportunity to seek employment without being compelled to be part of a union.

The other acts mentioned do address labor relations but do not specifically outlaw closed shops. The Norris-LaGuardia Act primarily focused on protecting workers' rights to organize and prohibited federal courts from issuing injunctions against labor strikes. The Wagner Act established the National Labor Relations Board and laid the groundwork for labor rights, including the right for unions to organize and represent their members, but it did not eliminate closed shops. The National Labor Relations Act is essentially another name for the Wagner Act, complicating its direct relevance here. However,